The dopamine transporter (DAT), encoded by the SLC6A3 gene, plays a crucial role in regulating dopaminergic neurotransmission by facilitating the reuptake of dopamine (DA) from the synaptic cleft back into presynaptic neurons (1, 2). Structurally, DAT consists of 12 transmembrane domains with interspersed extracellular and intracellular loops. The N- and C-terminal regions of the protein are intracellular, providing multiple potential phosphorylation sites that regulate its activity (1, 3).
Functionally, DAT contributes to the termination of DA signaling by reuptaking DA, thereby controlling both the duration and magnitude of dopaminergic transmission (4). It is predominantly found in dopaminergic neurons and enriched in regions such as the striatum, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area, which are associated with motor control and reward mechanisms (5).
Alterations in DAT expression have been linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, emphasizing its importance in maintaining dopaminergic homeostasis and neuronal integrity (6, 7).